In addition to the core curriculum, elementary education majors take the following courses (64 Credits)

• EDUC 201 Educational Foundations (4 credits)
• EDUC 203 Career Path (0 credits)
• EDUC 204 Practicum I (2 credits)
• EDUC 210 Measurement and Assessment in the Classroom (3 credits)
• EDUC 220 Instructional Strategies (3 credits)
• EDUC 230 Reading Instruction: Principles and Methods (3 credits)
• EDUC 240 Classroom Management and Organization (3 credits)
• EDUC 250 ESOL Foundations (3 credits)
• EDUC 302 Educational Psychology (4 credits)
• EDUC 304 Practicum II (2 credits)
• EDUC 310 Teaching Social Studies in the Classroom (3 credits)
• EDUC 330 Reading Instruction: Assessment and Differentiation (3 credits)
• EDUC 340 Teaching Diverse and Exceptional Students (3 credits)
• EDUC 350 ESOL: Curriculum and Methods (3 credits)
• EDUC 370 Teaching Language Arts in the Classroom (3 credits)
• EDUC 380 Teaching Mathematics in the Classroom (3 credits)
• EDUC 390 Teaching Science in the Classroom (3 credits)
• EDUC 400 Internship with Seminar (14 credits)
• EDUC 404 Practicum III (2 credits)

• Academic Catalogue
• Academic Calendar

Alexis Casterline (2019) – An Ohio native, Alexis is a 3rd grade teacher at Rhodora J. Donahue Academy, a Diocese of Venice classical Catholic school, in Ave Maria, FL. She also taught first grade in Immokalee, FL at a school with underprivileged children. According to Alexis, “My favorite memory from the Education Department was the professors’ commitment to helping future AMU educators practice lesson plans and find their niche in the classroom. I enjoyed the community that was formed among my fellow classmates. Together we were able to do experiments, present lesson plans, and share ideas so that we could become the teachers God was calling us to be. I also enjoyed getting to observe a variety of different classrooms throughout my semesters in the education program. It helped me see the vast teaching options that are available in the education field.” Her favorite scripture is “Let the children come to me, and do not prevent them; for the Kingdom of heaven belongs to such as these.” (Matthew 19:14)

Teresa Henderson (2021) – Teresa is a 3rd grade teacher at Naples Classical Academy, a charter school, in Naples, FL. She was the Valedictorian of her class and a double major in Elementary Education and History. Her favorite memory from the Education Department is the student teaching internship. She states, “I’ll never forget the first grader who complimented me, “’You’re a good helper!’ after a one-on-one session in phonics.” Additional fond memories of AMU include conversations with friends and classmates, outdoor Communion during the spring of 2020. Her favorite scripture is the Prologue of the Gospel of John, 1:1-18, particularly 1:14 “And the Word became flesh, and made his dwelling among us, and we saw his glory.”

Jill (Riordan) Striz (2015) – Jill is the Assistant Principal at Village Oaks Elementary in Immokalee, FL, where she had previously been a teacher since graduating from AMU. Jill was the 2019 recipient of the prestigious “Golden Apple Award” by the Champions for Learning Education Foundation. This is only awarded to 5 teachers each year in all of Collier County. Jill met her husband while at AMU and is a guest lecturer for the department.

Mary (Eckard) Parilli (2015) – Originally from Iowa, Mary has been teaching for 6 years and is now a teacher in North Carolina. She describes her best memory of her time at AMU as “meeting her husband.” Mary was the captain of the AMU Volleyball team, and during her teaching career in Immokalee, FL Mary was the 2018 “Golden Apple Award” recipient. Mary shares these words of wisdom for future teachers from St. John Bosco: “In every young person, a point of goodness is accessible and it is the primary duty of the educator to discover that sensitive cord of the heart so as to draw out the best in the young person.”

Application to the education major must be formally requested (normally during the sophomore year) and approved by the department chair only after meeting several requirements as outlined below. Reception of the degree in Education also involves meeting numerous additional requirements as outlined below.

Because this program is approved by the State of Florida as an Initial Teacher Preparation Program and results in state license eligibility in Florida, we must adhere to multiple assessment and quality control policies. There are multiple requirements beyond simple course completion which govern this major.

Teacher candidates will be fingerprinted and must undergo and pass background clearance as part of completion of the major. Teacher candidates with a felony conviction may be disqualified from admittance into the teaching major at AMU and possibly disqualified from receiving a Florida teaching license. Any concerns should be brought proactively to the department chair for evaluation before entering the major.

The Major in Elementary Education

Teacher candidates normally formally begin the major in the fall of the junior year after completing prerequisite courses in educational foundations, educational psychology, and a teaching discernment seminar. Teacher candidates must maintain a 2.5 grade point average throughout the program and a minimum grade point average of 2.5 in all education coursework. A grade below a C- in any education course necessitates repeating the course.

Education courses are typically taken in concurrent 12 unit blocks for each of the first three semesters. These courses contain clinical placement-based activities which are completed via a practicum experience. Teacher candidates need to reserve either one full day or two half-days a week during these first three semesters to complete the clinical placement components. Teacher candidates will also need to arrange for their own transportation to the clinical placement sites which are typically 15 to 30 minutes away from campus. A formal application to internship must be completed prior to a final semester of the program. During the internship, teacher candidates will assume the full schedule and duties of a classroom teacher. Due to the demanding time and workload, teacher candidates are expected to limit the academic workload and alter their extracurricular activities so as to be available for a full regular school day during the final internship. Any outside employment during the internship semester is discouraged and must be approved by the department chair.

Benchmarks for Progress for the Education Major Teacher Licensure Program

Each benchmark must be passed before the teacher candidate may proceed on to the next benchmark. Waivers sought for unforeseen circumstances may be brought to the attention of the department Chair. An Ombudsman is available to facilitate and clarify any concerns related to progression through the major up to and including recommendation for licensure. The program does not admit students under the 10% waiver.

Benchmark #1 Preparation and Application into the Education Major Teacher Licensure ProgramStudents interested in pursuing the Education major resulting in a teaching certificate through the State of Florida must first take and pass, with a C- or better three courses:

EDUC 201 Educational Foundations (4 cr.)

EDUC 301 Human Growth and Learning or EDUC 202 Educational Psychology (4 cr.)

EDUC 203 Discernment/Career Topics (0 cr.)

• Transfer credit for courses taken with similar titles from other universities is discouraged as the content and presentation of the courses offered at AMU are situated uniquely within a Catholic perspective emphasizing the integrity and dignity of the human person, and the courses are tied to specific demonstration of competencies required by the state of Florida.

During the EDUC 203 Discernment/Career Topics course, usually taken in the spring of the sophomore year:

• Teacher candidates will take the Myers-Briggs assessment to help them reflect on their personal attributes and how these might affect their career in teaching. Teacher candidates will also evaluate themselves in terms of the department’s dispositions and produce a letter of recommendation from a teacher or adult mentor who can attest to their potential to develop in the dispositions.
• Teacher candidates must take all sections of the FTCE General Knowledge Test. Ave Maria University must be designated as a score recipient with the testing agency.
• Teacher candidates will fill out an application to acceptance into the Education major.

Benchmark #2 – Admission to Program

This benchmark is normally met at the end of the spring semester of the sophomore year or over the summer before the junior year.

• Department staff issues an official notice of acceptance into the program after approval of the teacher candidate’s application. The application includes a documented GPA of 2.5 or better in all coursework; a C- or better in the three EDUC prerequisites above; a letter of recommendation; proof of background clearance; and passing score on all sections of the FTCE General Knowledge test.
• The teacher candidate is now clear to take the following EDUC Classes: 304, 330, 350, 340, and 404.
• The teacher candidate must maintain an overall GPA of 2.5 and a minimum C- in all Education coursework. Grades below C- must be repeated and will be recorded on the transcripts per the AMU academic policy handbook. Grades will be checked by the department at the end of each semester.
• During this stage, and before the internship during the senior year, the teacher candidate must take and pass the FTCE Subject Matter Test and the Professional Knowledge Test. Ave Maria University must be designated as a score recipient with the testing agency.
• The teacher candidate must complete all critical assignments at the proficient level before leaving this stage.

Each education course has “critical assignments” embedded within the flow of the course assessments. These assignments are designed to challenge the teacher candidate to more deeply and fully understand and apply educational concepts and theories. These assignments are tied to mandated competencies by the state of Florida. Late completion of a critical assignment, while required for graduation, may not affect the teacher candidate’s final grade. The course instructor will assess all critical assignments. Transfer students must complete the critical assignments required by AMU for any education course for which transfer credit is accepted.

Teacher candidates must complete all designated “critical assignments” with a passing grade of 75% or higher. All FEAPS critical assignments must also be met at the “proficient” or “exemplary” levels. Teacher candidates who do not meet these scores will have the opportunity to repeat the assignment and turn it in before the final course exam. Should the assignment not be turned in at the due date for the final course exam, the teacher candidate will receive an “Incomplete” (I) for two weeks after which the grade will revert to the original grade awarded or a zero. Teacher candidates not passing a critical assignment after the two week period will need to go into the remediation process and work with an education professor to re-do the assignment until the assignment is satisfactorily completed.  All critical assignments up to the EDUC 400 Internship must be satisfactorily completed before the teacher candidate may proceed into the next benchmark of the teaching internship. All critical assignments are completed and tracked in the TK20 system.

• At the conclusion of this stage teacher candidates will submit an application to the internship. The application will include a verification page that the teacher candidate has read the AMU Internship Handbook.

Benchmark #3 – Admission to Internship

This benchmark is met during the final semester of the program.

• Department staff issues an official notice of acceptance into the program after approval of the teacher candidate’s Admission to Internship application. The application includes a documented GPA of 2.5 or better in all coursework, successfully completing all critical tasks at the proficient or exemplary level and the reception of a passing score on all sections of the FTCE Professional Knowledge and relevant subject matter test(s).
• Once accepted, the teacher candidate will be accepted into EDUC 400 Internship, assigned a cooperating school, principal, and cooperating teacher as well as a university designated clinical supervisor. The clinical supervisor will oversee the intern’s progress during the internship and along with the cooperating teacher will provide assistance, support, and feedback to the teacher candidate. The internship will typically be 14 weeks long and require participation in a seminar.  The teacher candidate must successfully pass a public school district evaluation as determined by the clinical supervisor. The interns must also pass all evaluative criteria in the intern handbook including demonstrated impact on student learning.

Benchmark #4 – Graduation

This benchmark is usually met at the conclusion of the spring semester of the senior year.

• A checklist for graduation must be initiated and prepared by the teacher candidate by April 15 for a spring graduation. The teacher candidate will submit a completed checklist with the graduation application to the education department chair for review at least three weeks prior to graduation. This will be done in addition to the University procedure for graduation common to all majors. The teacher candidate will work closely with the education department faculty advisor to ensure all benchmarks and requirements have been met prior to submitting graduation application.
• The department chair will carefully review each application for completeness and, if met, forward the information to the registrar.

Will successful completion of this program result in a Florida teaching license
Yes! Ave Maria University’s education major is approved by the state of Florida as an initial teacher preparation program. Graduates qualify for Florida professional certification for grades K-6, including ESOL and Reading Endorsements. We will stamp your transcripts with this certification. You will submit these transcripts to the Florida Department of Education and once confirmed they will issue your license!

What if I want to teach in another state immediately after graduation?
In most cases, reciprocity agreements between the states make getting a license from another state relatively easy after you graduate from AMU’s approved program. We will assist you in this transition, which may sometimes also involve taking the target state’s teachers exams; but once you pass Florida’s exams you will be well prepared, as teacher exams can be quite similar. You should contact your target state’s department of education and let them know that you are graduating a state-approved teacher preparation program in a regionally accredited university and they can talk you through any additional steps, if any to get your license from them.

How do I get certified to teach exceptional (“special needs”) students?
In Florida, as in many states, you can add endorsements to your basic teaching license. Florida lets you take a fill-in-the-bubble exam after graduation to add an Exceptional Student Education endorsement. Our program will partially prepare you for this exam. Additional test preparation resources are readily available online.

What if I want to teach high school?
AMU is great preparation for high school teachers! Our graduates are highly sought after by high schools and many of our graduates get multiple high school job offers before graduation, even without a teaching license. We cannot even come close to meeting the demand high schools have for our graduates.

We recommend that those who want to teach high school major in the discipline they would like to teach with an education minor. The minor will provide most critical coursework necessary for high school teaching and help prepare you for teacher certification exams. Possession of the minor will signal your potential high school employers that you have both deep subject matter competency and basic teaching skills, and assist in your job application.

After you graduate with your discipline-specific BA of BS with a teaching minor, you will pursue what most states call “alternative certification.” You will usually first get a three year temporary teaching certificate and then over the next few years demonstrate successful teaching on the job, take any remaining coursework (may or may not be required depending upon your state and can be done online) and pass any of your target state’s required teacher exams. Every state has its own requirements, please contact the Chair of the Education Department for full details and assistance in planning your post-graduation teacher training.

Education: B.A., Classics, University of Florida; M.A., Latin, University of California, Berkeley; Ph.D., Classics, University of California, Berkeley
Office: Canizaro Library 218
Email: bradley.ritter@avemaria.edu
Phone: (239) 280-1667

In addition to the core curriculum, classics majors take the following courses

Required Courses for the Major

• GREK 103 Elementary Greek
• GREK 104 Intermediate Greek
• GREK 203 Greek Readings: Prose
• LATN 101 Elementary Latin
• LATN 102 Intermediate Latin
• LATN 203 Latin Readings
• LATN 204 Golden Age Poetry
• LATN 304 Latin Church Fathers
• LATN 310 Latin Prose Composition

Elective Major Courses (one required)

• CLAS 415 Topics in Classics and Early Christian Culture
• GREK 204 Greek Readings: Poetry
• GREK 304 Greek Church Fathers
• GREK 310 Greek Prose Composition
• GREK 403 Greek Poetry
• GREK 415 Greek Special Topics
• LATN 403 Scholastic Latin Texts
• LATN 404 Latin Epistolary Writing
• LATN 415 Latin Special Topics

Classics & Early Christian Literature Major, Latin Option

Required Courses for the Major (in addition to LATN 101 and LATN 102 or the equivalent)

• LATN 101 Elementary Latin
• LATN 102 Intermediate Latin
• LATN 203 Latin Readings
• LATN 204 Golden Age Poetry
• LATN 304 Latin Church Fathers
• LATN 310 Latin Prose Composition

Elective Major Courses (four required)

• CLAS 415 Topics in Classics and Early Christian Culture
• LATN 403 Scholastic Latin Texts
• LATN 404 Latin Epistolary Writing
• LATN 415 Special Topics (can be repeated with a variety of texts and authors)

• Academic Catalogue
• Academic Calendar

Lexicons and Dictionaries

• ΛΟΓΕΙΟΝ
• Lewis & Short’s Latin-English Dictionary
• Glossarium Mediae et Infimae Latinitatis
• Liddell-Scott-Jones Greek-English Lexicon
• Woodhouse’s English-Greek Dictionary
• David Morgan’s list of neo-Latin vocabulary
• Whitaker’s Words

Texts & Collections

• Perseus Digital Library
• Thesaurus Linguae Graecae
• PHI Latin Texts
• The Latin Library
• Patrologia Latina
• Library of Latin Texts (Brepolis)
• Thomas Aquinas’ Opera Omnia
• Augustine’s Opera Omnia
• Bibliotheca Augustana
• The Chicago Homer

Sacred Scripture

• Biblia Sacra Vulgata
• Nova Vulgata
• Douay-Rheims
• Septuagint. See here for related tools & translations.

Teaching Resources

• VROMA

Classical Associations

• American Philological Association
• CAMWS
• Eta Sigma Phi

Limited Access Program

Nursing (B.S.N.) is a degree program that requires a supplemental application due to limited access. A Limited Access Program is one where both program admission and registration in program classes are restricted to a certain number of students meeting pre-determined criteria and maximum capacity is based on available resources. Not all applicants may be accepted. The University offers alternate, related degrees including Biology, Health Science, and Exercise Physiology, which are not Limited Access Programs. Please refer to the Nursing Program website for program pre-requisites and application procedures.

Admission

To be considered for acceptance into the four-year Bachelor of Science in Nursing program, the following is required:

• Prior admission to Ave Maria University
• Application for admission due to the Department of Nursing by December 1 annually
• A minimum overall GPA of 3.0 and completion of 48 credits (this is the minimum GPA, not a guarantee of admission – all applications will be reviewed and considered)
• Students may only re-take pre-requisite courses once if they did not earn a satisfactory grade on their first attempt
• All students, including transfers, must complete AMU freshman and sophomore Core Curriculum courses and nursing prerequisite courses prior to entrance to the Nursing Program
• Grade of C or greater for science courses (science courses must be completed before entrance to the program)
• Submit an essay (300-500 words) which includes an introduction of the applicant, why the applicant wishes to pursue a career in Nursing, any healthcare experiences, and any community service work, passions, and accomplishments
• An admission examination TEAS (Test of Essential Academic Skills)
• Completion of Nursing Application
• Completion of Health and Regulatory Requirements
• Transfer students attempting to transfer in NURS courses must pass the final exam for every AMU nursing course equivalent in order to earn credit for those courses

Completion of Nursing Application

Electronic applications are strongly preferred and should be sent to nursing@avemaria.edu

Applications are submitted during and reviewed at the end of the Fall Term prior to entry to the Nursing Program, typically the fall of the sophomore year of studies. The application is due December 1st in the term of application.

Upon acceptance and prior to beginning classes, students shall possess reasonably good health, and physical abilities shall be such that the student is able to render safe nursing care. An annual physical examination and an annual PPD, review of symptoms, and/or chest x-ray are required.

All requirements need to be completed prior to the first day of class as a nursing student. Health and regulatory requirements are listed below.

Health Certification and Immunization Record

The Annual Physical and Immunization Record form must be completed by a Licensed Physician, Physician Assistant, or Advanced Registered Nurse Practitioner and returned to the Ave Maria University Nursing Program. The records must be returned to the Nursing Program no later than July 1st of each year. All immunizations must be complete. Immunization requirements are as follows:

MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella) – Proof of two immunizations or positive titers

Diphtheria/Tetanus – Booster with Tdap or Td within the last ten years are required

Varicella (Chickenpox) – Proof of two immunizations or positive titer (**History of disease DOES NOT meet requirement)

Hepatitis B Vaccination – Proof of three injections or positive titer

Consent/Refusal of Hepatitis B Vaccination

Although it is not a requirement, we encourage all nursing students to take the series of injections to immunize against Hepatitis B. Whether or not a student chooses to take the injections, the student must complete the Consent/Refusal of Hepatitis B Vaccination form.

TB (Tuberculin) Screening

Students must submit evidence of a current tuberculin test (PPD):

Students with a negative PPD must have a second PPD in 3 weeks to confirm non-reactive status. Two PPD tests are required only for your initial TB screening, unless otherwise requested by the health care provider. After the initial TB screening, a PPD test must be completed once yearly.

Students with a positive PPD must show documentation of a chest x-ray as well as documentation of any required follow up. After the first year, students must have a licensed health care provider complete a TB Symptom Check List annually. An additional chest x-ray will only be required if it is recommended by a licensed health care provider, a student exhibits symptoms of active TB disease, and/or if a student with previously negative PPDs tests positive.

Annual Flu Vaccination

Students must show documentation of annual flu vaccinations which are required by clinical agencies and clinical sites. If the flu vaccine is refused, students must strictly adhere to the personal protective equipment guidelines as required by each agency.

Health Insurance Requirement

All nursing students must provide proof of health insurance with coverage effective in the state of Florida and complete an insurance waiver prior to the first day of class. Nursing students must have adequate health insurance. The insurance waiver forms must be submitted to the Nursing Program. Waivers must be completed annually. Students are responsible for obtaining and maintaining their health insurance.

CPR Certification

Nursing students are required to provide evidence of a current American Heart Association Basic Life Support (BLS/CPR) certification prior to the first day of class. Certification must be maintained while a student is enrolled in the Nursing Program.

Liability Insurance Fee

Each year the general and professional liability insurance fee will be charged to all nursing students.

National Criminal Background Check and Drug Screening

Participation is clinical experiences is a required part of the curriculum and a requirement for graduation. Clinical agencies require drug, criminal, and/or child abuse background checks, and clearance through the HHS/OIG list of excluded individuals and the GSA list of parties excluded from federal programs in order to permit participation in the program’s clinical experiences. Clinical agencies may deny a student’s participation in the clinical experience because of a felony or misdemeanor conviction, failure of a required drug test, or inability to produce an appropriate health clearance, which would result in delayed graduation or in the inability to graduate from the Nursing program. Individuals who have been convicted of a felony or misdemeanor may be denied certification or licensure as a health professional.

All nursing applicants are required to complete drug and National criminal background checks prior to the first day of class. This is conducted at the student’s expense. All applicants must affirm and attest to sound physical health, emotional stability, and personal integrity that will enable them to successfully complete the Nursing program, comply with criteria for nursing licensure, and adhere to the American Nurses Association professional codes of conduct and practice.

Applicants must affirm and attest that they are free of addiction to substances of abuse and are willing to adhere to Drug Free Workplace policies and procedures of affiliate clinical agencies, to include submission to randomized drug testing and/or testing for cause and upon Nursing program request.

Students can access the National criminal background check and drug screening application process online. Ave Maria University’s Nursing Program utilizes American Databank as the sole company handling the Nursing Program’s screenings. Through the American Databank website, students can begin the application process and set up a method of payment to American Databank. There will be a fee for the background check and drug screening.

When placing a background check order, the student should click on “I want to receive a copy of my background check and drug screening”. This will enable the student to have the same copy of his/her reports that Ave Maria University’s Nursing program will receive. Once American Databank receives payment, they will send the student the necessary information and forms to begin the drug and background check process.

**Please note that it can take up to three months to receive clearance for the National criminal background check – clearance must be obtained before a student can begin nursing classes**

In addition to the core curriculum, nursing majors take the following courses

• BIOL 203 Introduction to Microbiology
• BIOL 304 Anatomy and Physiology I
• BIOL 309 Anatomy and Physiology II
• CHEM 105 Chemistry for Health Sciences or CHEM 125 General Chemistry I
• NURS 200 Clinical Nutrition
• PSYC 201 Principles and Methods
• PSYC 301 Human Development
• Required Courses for the Major
• NURS 215 Intro to Professional Nursing
• NURS 310 Fundamentals of Nursing w/Lab
• NURS 315 Health Assessment w/Lab
• NURS 330 Pathophysiology for Nursing Practice
• NURS 355 Applied Pharmacology
• NURS 350 Psychiatric-Mental Health Nursing w/Lab
• NURS 410 Community Health Nursing w/Lab
• NURS 415 Adult Health and Illness I w/Lab
• NURS 420 Nursing Care of Women w/Lab
• NURS 430 Nursing Care of Children w/Lab
• NURS 440 Adult Health and Illness II w/Lab
• NURS 450 Leadership and Management w/Lab
• NURS 455 Professional Nursing Review
• NURS 460 Research for Evidence-Based Nursing Practice

The total credit hours for the Nursing Program is 130.

• Academic Catalogue
• Academic Calendar

Curriculum Rationale

The curriculum has been developed in a manner that addresses professional and content area competencies, that assessment methodologies are in place for BSN candidates, and that pedagogical principles are embedded in the appropriate courses. The BSN program is a total of 136 credits as described below.

The BSN curriculum is based on Essentials of Baccalaureate Education for Professional Nursing Practice (American Association of Colleges of Nursing, 2008). Graduates of Ave Maria University’s BSN program will be equipped with the knowledge and leadership skills requisite to advance the profession and assist patients, families, and communities in the management of care. These concepts unify the curriculum and are the focus of each clinical course. Each course addresses the roles of the nurse, specifically the nurse as a member of the profession, provider of care and leader/manager of care.  The curriculum incorporates professional standards such as the American Nurses Association (ANA) Code of Ethics, the Institute of Medicine Recommendations, the Joint Commission on Accreditation Standards, and Quality and Safety Education in Nursing (QSEN), to the extent that these are in conformity with Catholic biomedical principles and applications.

The concepts of critical thinking, evidence-based practice, communication, collaboration, professional leadership, cultural humility, professional values, and information technology are introduced in the first nursing course and emphasized throughout the curriculum. Nursing courses focus on enhancing the nursing students’ critical thought process. Evidence-based nursing practice is introduced in the first nursing course and emphasized throughout the curriculum.

Students intending to major in Nursing will proceed through the full sequence of the core curriculum.  The Nursing Program shares the ideals and aims of liberal education which permeate the entire university.  The core provides an indispensable foundation for the study of the nursing.  The Nursing Program values the core especially for providing a broad orientation to the unity of truth, the understanding of the human person as expressed in the Catholic intellectual tradition, and the just ordering of society as developed in Western Civilization.  In addition, the collective coursework of the core inculcates the skills and habits necessary for studies within the craft of nursing, such as critical thinking, evidence-based practice, communication, mathematical and scientific analysis, and above all, prudence.